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A metropolitan area network, or MAN, covers a city. The best-known example of a MAN is the cable television network available in many cities. This system grew from earlier community antenna systems used in areas with poor over-the-air television reception. In these early systems, a large antenna was placed on top of a nearby hill [...]
Local area networks, generally called LANs, are privately-owned networks within a single building or campus of up to a few kilometers in size. They are widely used to connect personal computers and workstations in company offices and factories to share resources (e.g., printers) and exchange information. LANs are distinguished from other kinds of networks by [...]
Fig1.11: Reverse-biased p-n junction The number of minority carriers, however, that find themselves entering the depletion region will not change, resulting in minority-carrier flow vectors of the same magnitude indicated in Fig. 1.10 with no applied voltage. The current that exists under reverse-bias conditions is called the reverse saturation current and is represented by Is. [...]
Offset QPSK (OQPSK) is a modified form of QPSK where the bit waveforms on the I and Q channels are offset or shifted in phase from each other by one-half of a bit time. The amplitude of a QPSK signal is ideally constant. However, when QPSK signals are pulse shaped, they lose the constant envelope [...]
Minimum shift keying is a special type of continuous phase-frequency shift keying (CPFSK) wherein the peak frequency deviation is equal to ¼ the bit rare. In other words, MSK is continuous phase FSK with a modulation index of 0.5 .The modulation index of an FSK signal is similar to the FM modulation index, and is [...]
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) is a form of phase modulation using two different carrier phases to signal 1 and 0. BPSK is the simplest type of PSK. In binary phase shift keying(BPSK),the phase of a constant amplitude carrier signal is switched between two values according to the two possible signals m1 and m2 corresponding [...]